Exoskeleton
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Exoskeleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3 Growth in an exoskeleton. 4 Palaeontological significance. 5 Evolution ... Chitin forms the exoskeleton in arthropods including insects, arachnids such as ...
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exoskeleton: Definition from Answers.com
exoskeleton n. A hard outer structure, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organism
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Powered exoskeleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
CNN video report on a powered exoskeleton made by Sarcos ... Try Honda's new exoskeleton legs", November 10, 2008 by Larry Greenemeier, Scientific American. ...
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UW - BioRobotics Lab - Wearable Robotics - Exoskeleton - Index
The exoskeleton robot is worn by the human operator as an orthotic device. ... Performance Evaluation of a One DOF Myosignal-Based Powered Exoskeleton System ...
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Raytheon Company: The Exoskeleton: Advanced Robotics
rtn08_exoskeleton_body ... Technology & Innovation > The Exoskeleton: Advanced Robotics. Media Contacts ... The exoskeleton is essentially a wearable robot that ...
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exoskeleton | Popular Science
This motorized exoskeleton concept looks like the lovechild of Ironman and a ... READ MORE ABOUT > darpa, exoskeleton, exoskeletons, Gregory Mone, hollywood ...
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ESA - Robotics - The ESA Exoskeleton
The ESA Human Arm Exoskeleton has been developed to enable in-space force ... Exoskeleton Design Requirements ... The exoskeleton joints are simpler and smaller. ...
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Exoskeleton - New World Encyclopedia
Exoskeleton is a hard, external structure that covers, supports, and protects an ... 2 Growth in an exoskeleton. 3 Palaeontological significance. 4 Evolution ...
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Building the Real Iron Man | Popular Science
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An exoskeleton is an external anatomy feature that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example, a human. Whilst many many other invertebrate animals (such as shelled mollusks) have exoskeletons in the sense of external hard parts, the character is most associated with the arthropods (i.e. insects, spiders, myriapods and crustaceans). Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and (for terrestrial organisms) acting as a barrier against desiccation. Exoskeletons first appeared in the fossil record about 550 million years ago, and their evolution has been seen as critical as a driving role in the Cambrian explosion of animals that took place subsequent to this time.
Arthropod exoskeletons Microscopic structure A typical arthropod exoskeleton is a multi-layered structure with four functional regions: epicuticle, procuticle, epidermis and basement membrane.
NC State University. Of these, the epicuticle is a multi-layered external barrier that, especially in terrestrial arthropods, acts as a barrier against dessiccation. The strength of the exoskeleton is provided by the underlying procuticle, which is in turn secreted by the epidermis. Arthropod cuticle is a biological composite material, consisting of two main portions: fibrous chains of alpha-chitin within a matrix of silk-like and globular proteins, of which the most well-known is the rubbery protein called resilin. The relative abundance of these two main components varies from approximately 50/50 to 70/30 protein/chitin, with softer parts of the exoskeleton having a higher proportion of chitin. Although the cuticle is relatively soft when first secreted, it soon hardens in a poorly-understood process that involves dehydration and/or tanning mediated by hydrophobic chemicals called phenolics. Different types of interaction between the proteins and chitin leads to varying mechanical properties of the exoskeleton.
In addition to the chitino-proteinaceous composite of the cuticle, many crustaceans, some myriapods and the extinct trilobites further impregnate the cuticle with mineral salts, above all calcium carbonate, which can make up up to 40% of the cuticle. This can lead to great mechanical strength.
Organisation : Chitin TypeThe arthropod exoskeleton is typically divided into different functional units to allow flexibility in an often otherwise rigid structure. For example, the head is a fused capsule; and the trunk is often divided into a series of articulating sclerites called tergum. In addition, the characteristic limbs of arthropods need to be jointed. The internal surface of the exoskeleton is often elaborated into a set of specialised structures called apodemes that allow the attachment of muscles. Such endoskeletal components of the arthropod skeleton can be highly complex, as in crabs and lobsters.
Ecdysis
- See also main article: Ecdysis
Natural exoskeletons Excellent as defensive adaptation, exoskeletons may nevertheless cause problems where entities carry an excessive weight to surface-area ratio or whenever organism growth requires an enlargement of the exoskeleton. Exoskeletons are found on many different types of organisms including shellfish and insects.
Types
- Bone and cartilage
- Ostracoderms (extinct armoured fish)
- Turtles, Terrapins and Tortoises
- Chitin
- Calcium compounds
- Corals
- Echinoderms
- Mollusks
- some Polychaetes
- Silicate
- Diatoms
- Radiolaria
Artificial human exoskeletons Humans have long used armour as an artificial exoskeleton for protection, especially in combat. Exoskeletal machines are also starting to be used for medical and industrial purposes, while Artificial powered exoskeleton are a feature of science fiction writing, but are currently moving into prototype stage. Orthosis are a limited, medical form of exoskeleton.
In history Medieval armour (in the case of mounted knights) is not load-bearing, but furnishes the appearance of an artificial human exoskeleton.
In medicine An orthosis (plural orthoses) is a device which attaches to a limb, or the torso, to support the function or correct the shape of that limb or the spine. Orthotics is the field dealing with orthoses, their use, and their manufacture. An orthotist is a person who designs and fits orthoses.
A limb prosthesis (plural prostheses) is a device that substitutes for a missing part of a limb. If the prosthesis is a hollow shell and self-carrying, it is exoskeletal. If internal tubes are used in the device and the cover (cosmesis) to create the outside shape is made of a soft, non-carrying material, it is endoskeletal. Prosthetics is the field that deals with prostheses, use, and their manufacture. A prosthetist is a person who designs and fits prostheses.
In modern and near-future technology References See also
- Mechatronics
- Spiracle - Small openings in the exoskeleton that allow insects to breathe
External links Biology
- Geometry and Pattern in Nature 3: The holes in radiolarian and diatom tests
Modern technology
- Bionic Boots
- PowerSkip
- Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX)
- University of Washington Exo Arm Project
Exoskeleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An exoskeleton is a type of skeleton that is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects an animal 's body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example ...
Powered exoskeleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A powered exoskeleton is a powered mobile machine consisting primarily of a skeleton-like framework worn by a person, and a power supply which supplies at least part of the ...
New Scientist Technology Blog: Exoskeleton update
Five years ago, New Scientist covered plans by the Pentagon’s research arm, DARPA, to build a robotic exoskeleton that would let GIs run faster, leap further and carry more.
New Scientist Technology Blog: Exoskeleton Olympics
Continuing today's exoskeleton theme - the video clip at the bottom of this post (of a human exoskeleton weightlifting competition in 2004) has given me an idea.
EXOSKELETON
A six-legged, pneumatically powered walking machine has been constructed for the body. The locomotor, with either ripple or tripod gait ...
Robotic exoskeleton replicates Iron Man - Telegraph
Telegraph Earth is your source for environmental and green news and environmental and green issues, with information on climate change, global warming, pollution, green living and ...
21st-century pack mule: MIT's 'exoskeleton' lightens the load - MIT ...
Researchers at MIT have created a device to lighten the burden for soldiers and others who carry heavy packs and equipment. Their invention, known as an exoskeleton, can support ...
exoskeleton - definition of exoskeleton in the Medical dictionary - by ...
Definition of exoskeleton in the Medical Dictionary. exoskeleton explanation. Information about exoskeleton in Free online English dictionary. What is exoskeleton? Meaning of ...
exoskeleton - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about exoskeleton
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about exoskeleton. exoskeleton. Information about exoskeleton in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. human exoskeleton, animal exoskeleton
Home page - Anatomical Exoskeleton, Part of the Sci-art: Bio-robotic ...
Anatomical Exoskeleton is a continuation of the SCI-ART: BIO-ROBOTIC CHOREOGRAPHY project supported by The Wellcome Trust. The project is working in collaboration with the School ...